Clostridium septicum aortitis and mediastinitis complicating perforated appendicitis in a patient with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: A case report

Department

Infectious Diseases

Document Type

Article

Publication Title

Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy

Abstract

Clostridium septicum is an aerotolerant anaerobe classically linked to occult colorectal malignancy and hematologic disease, and a rare but frequently fatal cause of nontraumatic infective aortitis; it also causes gas gangrene, osteomyelitis and spondylodiscitis. Survival depends on radical surgical debridement, as antibiotics alone are almost uniformly fatal. We describe a 71-year-old man with untreated chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) who presented with back pain, vomiting and rigors. Computed tomography showed perforated appendicitis with extraluminal air together with mediastinitis and aortitis of the aortic arch and the aorta at the diaphragmatic hiatus. Inflammatory markers were markedly elevated and vasculitis serologies negative. The appendix was managed nonoperatively as he remained hemodynamically stable. Despite broad-spectrum antibiotics, repeat angiography on day 5 showed new aneurysmal dilatation of the arch to 5.1 cm, prompting emergent left carotid-subclavian bypass and thoracic endovascular aortic repair. On day 8, thoracotomy revealed necrotic aortic wall with an exposed endograft, which was debrided and covered with a pedicled latissimus dorsi flap; tissue cultures grew C. septicum. Colonoscopy twelve months earlier had shown only polyps and diverticulosis. He completed six weeks of intravenous ampicillin-sulbactam, was transitioned to lifelong oral suppression for retained prosthetic material, and was discharged on day 57 to long-term acute care, ventilator-dependent. This case shows that C. septicum aortitis may arise from a perforated appendix rather than a colorectal neoplasm, that nonoperative appendicitis management may give inadequate source control in an immunocompromised host, and that survival is attainable with a staged hybrid endovascular-and-open strategy.

First Page

103098

DOI

10.1016/j.jiac.2026.103098

Volume

32

Issue

11

Publication Date

11-1-2026

Medical Subject Headings

Humans; Male; Aged; Mediastinitis; Appendicitis; Clostridium septicum; Aortitis; Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic; Clostridium Infections; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

PubMed ID

42838282

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